(第4空)Murphy's Law suggests, "If anything can go wrong, it will." Murphy has motivated numerous pearls of wisdom about projects; machines, people, and why things go wrong. A project is a [temporary] sequence of unique, complex, and connected ( ) having one goal or purpose and that must be completed by a specific time, within budget, and according to ( )．Project management is the ( ) of scoping, planning, staffing, organizing, directing, and controlling the development of an acceptable information system at a minimum cost within a specified time frame. Project management is a cross life cycle activity because it overlaps all phases of any systems development methodology.
For any systems development project, effective project management is necessary to ensure that the project meets the deadline, is developed within a (an)( ) budget, and fulfills customer expectations and specifications.
Corporate rightsizing has changed the structure and culture of most organizations, and hence, project management. More flexible and temporary interdepartmental(不同部门间)teams that are given greater responsibility and authority for the success of organizations have replaced rigid hierarchical command structures and permanent teams. Contemporary system development methodologies depend on having teams that include both technical and nontechnical users, managers, and information technologists all directed to the project goal. These ( ) teams require leadership and project management.